Hyponatremia: Understanding Sodium Deficiency in the Blood

Sodium plays a vital role in the human body by regulating blood pressure and maintaining fluid balance. The kidneys are primarily responsible for controlling sodium levels, influenced by hormones secreted by the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and heart. Normally, sodium concentration in the blood ranges between 135 and 145 millimoles per liter of plasma. When levels drop below 135 millimoles per liter, this condition is known as hyponatremia.

In this article, we will explore the main causes of hyponatremia, its symptoms, and available treatment options.

Causes of Hyponatremia

• Central nervous system disorders
• Lung diseases
• Cancerous tumors
• Liver problems such as swelling or cirrhosis
• Congestive heart failure
• Excess body water from various causes, including high water intake either orally or intravenously
• Hypothyroidism
• Use of certain medications with side effects that promote sodium loss, including diuretics, antidepressants, epilepsy drugs, psychiatric medications, certain cancer treatments, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Excess secretion of the hormone vasopressin by the brain

Symptoms of Hyponatremia

• Excessive sweating
• Headaches
• Chronic fatigue
• Nausea
• Seizures
• Lowered body temperature
• Confusion and altered mental state
• Vomiting
• Muscle cramps and spasms
• Stomach discomfort
• Coma in severe cases
• Decreased awareness and peripheral sensitivity
• Muscle weakness

Diagnosis of Hyponatremia

Diagnosis typically involves blood electrolyte tests to measure sodium and other salt levels. Doctors may also perform urine tests, X-rays, and computed tomography (CT) scans to identify underlying causes.

Treatment of Hyponatremia

Mild hyponatremia often requires no treatment other than lifestyle and medication adjustments. In severe cases caused by fluid loss, intravenous fluids are administered. If excess fluid accompanies low sodium levels, diuretics are prescribed instead of fluid replacement. Additionally, if potassium levels are low alongside sodium, potassium chloride supplements may be given.