Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults

Vitamin D deficiency occurs when the levels of this vital nutrient drop significantly in the body. This condition affects many individuals, especially adults and the elderly. Below, we highlight the most common symptoms experienced by these two groups.

Vitamin D Deficiency in the Elderly

The elderly are particularly vulnerable to vitamin D deficiency. Aging reduces the skin’s ability to produce vitamin D when exposed to sunlight and diminishes the kidneys’ capacity to convert vitamin D into its active form.

Common Symptoms in Older Adults

• Bone Fractures: Vitamin D aids the intestines in absorbing calcium. Deficiency forces the body to break down bones to release calcium, increasing fracture risk. A 2007 study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society showed a significant reduction in falls among seniors taking 800 IU of vitamin D daily for five months compared to those on lower doses.
• Cognitive Decline: Research published in the Archives of Internal Medicine in 2014 linked low vitamin D levels to a marked decrease in cognitive function among older adults, emphasizing the importance of managing vitamin D status to protect brain health.
• Bone and Back Pain: Vitamin D supports bone health by enhancing calcium absorption. Deficiency may lead to bone and lower back pain. A 2013 study in BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders involving over 9,000 elderly women found those with low vitamin D were more likely to suffer severe back pain that impaired daily activities.
• Bone Loss: Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone metabolism. Many older adults mistakenly attribute bone loss solely to calcium deficiency, but vitamin D deficiency can also be a key factor. A 2015 observational study in the Journal of Mid-Life Health involving over 1,100 postmenopausal women found a strong positive correlation between vitamin D levels and bone mineral density.
• Depression: A 2008 study in the Archives of General Psychiatry revealed an association between low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and elevated parathyroid hormone, correlating with the severity of depression specifically in elderly patients.

Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults

Adults with low vitamin D levels may experience several symptoms, including:

• Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, and Muscle Weakness: Deficiency increases the risk of bone softening, fragility, and muscle weakness, which in turn raises the likelihood of fractures and falls.
• Bone Pain: Individuals with deficiency often feel tenderness and pain in bones such as the ribs and shin bones. Rarely, hairline fractures may develop, causing pain in the lower back, hips, pelvis, thighs, and feet.
• Fatigue and Exhaustion: While many causes exist for fatigue, vitamin D deficiency is an often overlooked contributor.
• Depression: A 2013 review published in The British Journal of Psychiatry, covering 14 studies, found a notable link between low vitamin D levels and depression.

General Symptoms of Vitamin D Deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency symptoms are often mild and easily overlooked, even when they negatively affect quality of life. Common signs include:

• Extreme tiredness and fatigue
• Bone pain
• Muscle weakness and aches
• Mood swings and depression
• Slow wound healing

Causes of Vitamin D Deficiency

Several factors can increase the risk of vitamin D deficiency:

• Insufficient sun exposure due to indoor lifestyles or health conditions
• Having darker skin, which reduces vitamin D synthesis
• Medical conditions impairing vitamin D absorption
• Use of certain medications that break down vitamin D
• Dietary restrictions such as veganism, milk allergy, or lactose intolerance
• Obesity (BMI over 30)
• Kidney diseases including transplant recipients
• Advancing age

Diagnosing Vitamin D Deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency is diagnosed by a blood test measuring vitamin D levels, especially if symptoms or risk factors are present.

Treatment and Management

If you experience symptoms of deficiency, consult a healthcare professional before starting supplements, as excessive intake can be harmful.

Recommended Daily Intake for Adults

Sources of Vitamin D

Regular sun exposure—about 10 minutes, 3 to 4 times weekly—can help the body produce sufficient vitamin D. Natural dietary sources include:

• Fatty fish such as salmon, tuna, and mackerel
• Beef liver
• Egg yolks
• Cheese
• Mushrooms
• Vitamin D-fortified foods like milk, breakfast cereals, orange juice, yogurt, and soy beverages

Overview of Vitamin D and Its Importance

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin existing mainly in two forms: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). It plays a critical role in strengthening and protecting bones and muscles, enhancing calcium absorption, and supporting overall health. It helps children build strong bones and maintains bone strength in adults, reducing fracture risks as they age.